Does Social Inequality Exist in Jamaica - 3694 Words

Introduction â€Å"Social Inequality allows for the exclusion of individuals and the formation of prejudices and discrimination. Carefully analyze and discuss the validity of this statement based on current events in the Jamaican society.† Social Inequality is the existence of socially created inequalities; it occurs when ideology and power combine to make one group of people feel inferior to another. From a sociological perspective people are able to assess both opportunities and constraints that characterize their lives as it relates to age, sex, gender, race and class and based on this, many ills that the world faces today are derived from some person’s blatant disregard for differences. A prejudice is a preconceived belief toward a†¦show more content†¦It also means a priori beliefs (without knowledge of the facts) and includes any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence. Although positive and negative prejudice both exist, when used negatively, prejudice implies fear and antipathy toward such a group or person. †¢ Cognitive Prejudice refers to what people believe to be true: for example, in adherence to a particular metaphysical or methodological philosophy at the expense of other philosophies which may offer a more complete theoretical explanation. †¢ Affective Prejudice refers to what people like and dislike: for example, in attitudes toward members of particular classes such as race, ethnicity, national origin, or creed. †¢ Conative Prejudice refers to how people are inclined to behave. It is regarded as an attitude because people do not act on their feelings. An example of conative prejudice may be found in expressions of what should be done if the opportunity presents itself. These three types of prejudice are correlated, but all need not be present in a particular individual. Someone may believe that a particular group possesses low levels of intelligence, but harbor no ill feeling towards that group. A group may be disliked because of intense competition for jobs, but still recognize no differencesShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Jamaica Kincaids Lucy and Edwidge Danticats The Farming of Bones1744 Words   |  7 PagesDanticat and Kincaid Every single culture is a unique social creation wherein the population of a given location has worked together for years to develop attitudes, perceptions, artistic and aesthetic interests, and ideologies which will be individual to the culture. It will also develop important attitudes about which groups within the cultural community will comprise the majority and which the minority. 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Taking a Look at Indias Geography - 516 Words

Did you know that India is the second most populated country in the world with over 1.2 billion people? This heavily populated country’s history and culture was, and still is, affected by its geography. For example, The Ganges River provided some irrigation, but was mostly known for its religious significance in the Hindu faith. The Indus River provided fertile land for the Indus Valley civilization and allowed agriculture to flourish, but also flooded, which was part of the civilization’s economical weakening. Another factor that which brought the fall of the civilization was the Hindu Kush Mountain Range; although it provided some protection, paths were discovered by invaders that permitted them to cross over and quell. The Ganges River, a wide and slow paced river, starting from the mountain tops, then through the Gangetic Plain, and finally empties into the Bay of Bengal (â€Å"Ganges River†). The fertile Gangetic Plain was where settlements and developing c ities during prehistoric times because it was stable agriculturally (â€Å"Geography†). Despite the fact that the Ganges brought great fertility, it is also known as the most holy and sacramental river in the Hindu religion. The river is personified as a goddess, Ganga, who was sent from heaven to purify cursed and sinful souls; she was caught in â€Å"the snowy Himalayan peaks of Shiva’s hair†, then escapes by flowing down the mountain into the sea and finally purified more than 60,000 souls (Watts). Due to this myth, peopleShow MoreRelatedPoverty And Inequality Between The United States Of America And India Essay2035 Words   |  9 Pagesfactors that have created the clear disparities in inequality and poverty between the two countries. Geography: When analyzing the geographical size and significance of both the US and India we need to look at the geography as it relates to inequality and poverty. 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Nike Sweatshop in Indonesia

Question: Discuss about the Nike Sweatshop in Indonesia. Answer: This assignment consists of summarizing the Nike Sweatshop in Indonesia and relating it with Responsible Commerce. The elimination of trade obstacles and advancement of free deal agreements between U.S.A and emergent countries like Taiwan, Indonesia and China is increasing more American Companies to transfer their production facilities to those developing countries respectively. The production launching by the American companies facilities companies to exploit workers moderately at lower costs in developing countries (Nisen 2013). Nike is one of the world most popular multinational corporations that produce shoe manufacturing. Nike has its presence in developing countries like Vietnam, China and Indonesia. Nike manufactures and produces these shoes in developing countries generally on a contract basis. Moreover, Nike does not hold any manufacturing amenities rather it produce it goods where they can exploit workers at a lower cost. As a result of this scenario, Nike faced a lot of problems in developing their businesses and the corporation has been all over the news due to complains about paying low wages to their employees, long hour of shifts and also imposing child labour practices in those countries respectively. Nike has also made contracts with many celebrity sports stars, those who charge a lump sum of money to promote their goods like multimillion-dollar agreements (Howeidi, Ghauri and Ilyas 2016). The organization Nike has admitted the fact that they only manufacture in those countries that are genera lly in their developing phase and consists of cheap labour and lack of human rights movements. Due to these practices, Nike has made huge margins of profit and nearly paid mere 20 cents an hour to its valuable workers. The success of Nike not only based on brand movements and costly advertisement but also the tormented faced by workers and child labors respectively. The main challenges faced by Nike Corporation are to enforce their codes of conduct and utilize their power to make certain that their employees and workers obtain proper human and labor rights accordingly. Moreover, these sweatshops are away from the reach of U.S. Laws and jurisdiction (McCaughey and Ayers 2013). Impact on Society: According to the researcher, Nike should be answerable and accounted for all the poor working environmental circumstances that are prevailing in the factories of developing countries. The Nike Corporation must not only take the benefit of contemptible working labor in foreign soils but also take adequate amount of responsibilities of all the employees working with them. As being one of the multinational organizations of the world, they must provide their employees with clear understanding of their roles and objectives worldwide. For example, Nike should implement the strategy of Coca Cola industries in India. Coca Cola industries were in the news due to using preservatives and pesticides in their cold drinks. However, after proper inspection of their manufacturing facilities, Coca Cola ensured that their manufacturing services must follow the universal rule and initiate equal standard of water purification across each manufacturing unit globally. Coca Cola also imp lanted that its employees and workers are least amount wages and the organizations have taken numerous steps to provide their employees with better working conditions in the manufacturing factories. Thus, with these initiatives Coca Coal Company became socially responsible towards its employees in their respective countries of operations (Landry 2013). Nevertheless, Nike is precisely far away from all this responsibilities, it is clear that Nike should take proper care for their sub contractors those who develop the workers in foreign soil. Nike should have made changes in the working situations of their employees and pay good amount of wages to them, it would not only benefit the workers but also the organizations in the long run. Nike only concentrates on making their shareholders happy and always tries to improve their value respectively. Moreover, the employees of developing countries were happy and eager to work under this crucial circumstances due to the earnings they get are moreover same or equal to what they get from other companies respectively (Howeidi, Ghauri and Ilyas 2016). This evaluates the fact that the environment that are measured unethical in urbanized countries are ethical in budding countries where the manufacturing is done. There needs to be a good combination of Standards that must prevail in U.S. and other developing countries simultaneously where Nike has its mechanized factories facilities. If Nike is enforced to follow the same standards of United States in developing countries, the company will not be benefitted with low cost of labor and other environmental advantages of producing a shoe (as seen in figure 1). On the other hand, if Nike Corporation follows only the foreign standards the organization will not been able to concur with the Human Rights issues that a international multinational corporation must follow (Kelley 2014). Therefore, it is very much necessary that Nike have to utilize both perspectives accordingly and make a good combination of standards respectively. This will ensure the organization to provide their workers with minimum wages across several countries globally. Moreover, Nike will also ensure better working conditions to their employees by combing the standards effectively . By doing so, Nike will gain good public relation rather than wasting their money by creating defensive public relation strategies (Anner 2013). Fig.1. Spending on No Sweatshop Labeled goods Source: (Rosenthal and Hawkins 2014) Presence of Nike in Indonesia: The everyday wage rate varies from country to country and the labor laws of that country fix it accordingly. Nike began its business operations in Indonesia in 1996. Nike not being paying bare minimum wages to their employees in Indonesia but they were also fling petition to the government of Indonesia to reduce the daily wages of their workers. The wage rate in Indonesia is $2.29 a day and the government of Indonesia itself fixes it. This wages covers up to 70% of the fundamental needs of a person to survive and sustain in the society. The wage rate also differs from city to city the workers lives in, experience of the employee, skill set of individual workers and the indispensable product prices in that city (Kingsley, Gray and Suri 2014). Another profound difficulty that the Indonesian employees and workers face is that quite a few organization factories pay an trainee wage for the new workers that is quite underneath the minimum wages that are fixed by the government. This trouble is mostly associated with female workers as the organization justifies that woman workers and employees needs much more time to be trained to manufacture shoes perfectly. Moreover, it is well observed that the female workers are trained in few days and in few extra hours and they are directly placed in production facilities. Nevertheless, the apprentice wage is just a simple way to cheat the workers and make them harassed accordingly (Kelley 2014). In the year 1999, the government of Indonesia announced that the wage rate would be increased to $26 per month. Moreover, for the first time in the prevailing year, Nike has also initiated to pay and increase their wage rate of their several factories over the world and paid much higher than the government allocated wage rate (as seen in figure 2). The new customize wage rate of Nike was $30 per month and a extra bonus of $37.60 per month. This is one of the biggest step forward in the wage structure by Nike Corporation in Indonesia but the wage rate was far below to maintain an regulate a average family in Indonesia (Aghar 2016). Due to the fact that majority of workers in Indonesia are unmarried womens and teenagers and from ages between 18 to 30 years. The average target for the employees is 4.5 pair of shoes a day and they only receive $2.50 as daily wages in Indonesia. To cover the basic needs of life a single person needs a wage rate around $38 every month as confirmed by the G lobal Exchange. Moreover, Nike only pays a minimum wage to the workers those who manufacture shoes that sell for $100. Nike Corporation concludes that they pay more wages to their workers than what the farmers get in the same region. The organization Nike should be criticize, for this if their sub contractors do not obey the rules set by the government, provides minimum wages to their workers and make better working environment for them. The comparison between the farmers and workers are not proportional as the farmers receives loan and allowances from the government but not the workers of Nike (Misra 2014). Fig 2. Hourly wages in Sweatshops in different countries Source: (Bartley and Child 2014) There were different kind of accusations in the year 1990 for example, Nike was accused for accusation of child labor, the company was paying wages to their workers that are well below the poverty level, and most of the workers were not paid on paid on overtime (as seen in figure 3). Moreover, Nike was also accused for physical abuse of their employees by the management, poor working conditions prevailing in the shop floor and bad air quality. For example, when Nike was in Vietnam, one of the factory officials was condemned of physically abusing the workers, and left the country during police investigations (Bartley and Child 2014). Ethical Dilemma: Nike Corporation started to face workers strikes after the implementation of human rights group activities. More than 10,000 Indonesian personnel from Nikes factories went on Strikes to remonstration against the payment of low wages and poor working conditions in the year 1997. Moreover, at the same time, 1300 worker from the Vietnam factories started their strike operation in order to ensure a raise of one cent per hour to their wages. Nike Employees and workers in China also started protesting against the dangerous work culture prevailing within the factories (Sethi and Rovenpor 2016). There were demands of human right groups that were denied and ignored by the Nike Company. It included things such as to protect workers, those who speak honestly about the working conditions of the factory. Maintain transparent and independent classified procedures for observing and examine workers complaints. Paying decent wages to their workers and trying to provide sound reasonable working hours of the employees is essential. The Companys Code of demeanor was introduced in 2002 in order to maintain and adjust the safety and other security of working conditions in the factory. All of their contracted factories use the obligatory sources respectively. In the year 2004, an additional health and labor standards and monitoring plans were developed that provided Nike to regulate Nikes Responsibility Report (Brunk 2017). The full details of all the factories of Nikes were listed in the report accordingly. This report initiated a motivation towards workers as the report stated every details of the factory it is easy to make independent public investigations. After the implementation of this report, Nikes public image trend to improve and all the problems regarding sweatshop decreased with this regulating document. The changes also initiated positive changes in the organization politics (Rosenthal and Hawkins 2015). Recommendations: In the year 1998, Nikes CEO Phillip Knight made some official announcement about the organization policies on providing better working conditions in manufacturing factories. Phillip Knight implemented standards for shoe industries that all the other companies must follow. The promises made by Phillip Knight are as follows. All the factories must meet the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration principles in air quality. The least age of the workers and employees will be raised to 18 for the footwear factories and to 16 for apparel factories (Rosenthal and Hawkins 2015). Nike Corporation must implement non-governmental organizations to monitor their factory operations. Nike will also try to provide their workers with education program and make proper high school courses for their employees. Moreover, Nike must grant loan and expand their loan program benefits to the following countries like Vietnam, Pakistan, Thailand and Indonesia. Nike will also try to initiate funding on university research on making responsible business practices in their factories (Aghar 2016). Therefore, it is concluded that the Labor rights in Nikes Sweatshop in Indonesia has made a deep influence on the Industry itself. The exploiting workers of sweatshop are trying to improve their working conditions. It is been observed that the wages of Nikes Factories were increased in the due course of the business but not considerably. Moreover, nowadays people are becoming much more concerned about the fair trade practices of labor and it is one of the peak times for Nike to adopt all the suggested measures. Otherwise, it will be very difficult for them to sustain their business. References: Anner, M., 2013. Workers power in global value chains: Fighting sweatshop practices at Russell, Nike and Knights Apparel.Transnational trade unionism: Building union power, pp.23-41. Asghar, M.S., 2016. Current Legal and Business Situation of the Organizations in Some Developing Asian Countries with Respect to the Child Labour. Bartley, T. and Child, C., 2014. Shaming the corporation: The social production of targets and the anti-sweatshop movement.American Sociological Review,79(4), pp.653-679. Brunk, K.H., 2017. Shedding Light on the Ethical Consumer Debate: Evidence from a Qualitative Investigation of Body Shop Consumers. InThe Customer is NOT Always Right? Marketing Orientationsin a Dynamic Business World(pp. 292-300). Springer, Cham. Howeidi, M., Ghauri, A. and Ilyas, M.I., 2016.The transition of the MNC Nike with its stakeholders and the implementation of CSR(Doctoral dissertation). Kelley, S., 2014. Moving Beyond Boycotts: Strategies for Shared Responsibility in the Collegiate Apparel Industry.Journal of Catholic Higher Education,33(2). Kingsley, S.C., Gray, M.L. and Suri, S., 2014, September. Monopsony and the crowd: Labor for lemons. InInternet, Politics, Policy 2014 Conference, Oxford, UK, September(pp. 18-19). Landry, M.J., 2013. Kasky v. Nike: Lurking First Amendment Time Bomb for Marketers?.Atlantic Marketing Journal,2(2), p.3. McCaughey, M. and Ayers, M.D. eds., 2013.Cyberactivism: Online activism in theory and practice. Routledge. Misra, S., 2014. Corporate responsibility for sustainability in Post-Globalization: The Nike Inc. Lesson.International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering,4(10), p.501. Nisen, M., 2013. How Nike solved its sweatshop problem.Business Insider. https://www. businessinsider. com/how-nike-solved-its-sweatshop-problem-2013-5. Powell, B., 2014.Out of poverty: Sweatshops in the global economy. Cambridge University Press. Rosenthal, P.C. and Hawkins, A.E., 2014. Applying the Law of Child Labor in Agricultural Supply Chains: A Realistic Approach.UC Davis J. Int'l L. Pol'y,21, p.157. Rosenthal, P.C. and Hawkins, A.E., 2015. CONFRONTING CHILD LABOR IN GLOBAL AGRICULTURAL SUPPLY CHAINS: Applying the Law of Child Labor in Agricultural Supply Chains: A Realistic Approach.UC Davis J. Int'l L. Pol'y,21, pp.157-279. Sethi, S.P. and Rovenpor, J.L., 2016. The Role of NGOs in Ameliorating Sweatshop?like Conditions in the Global Supply Chain: The Case of Fair Labor Association (FLA), and Social Accountability International (SAI).Business and Society Review,121(1), pp.5-36. Su, W. and Tsang, E.W., 2015. Product diversification and financial performance: The moderating role of secondary stakeholders.Academy of Management Journal,58(4), pp.1128-1148.