Life Style assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

1642

1642-1649 London Civil War Essay The Civil War prompts the Glorious Revolution The common war kept going from 1642 to 1649. Straightforwardly after the common war came the Glorious Revolution, when James II was toppled. Realities of history give us that the common war was one of the fundamental driver that lead to the sublime upset. Numerous occasions happened during the Civil war, which lead to the oust of James II. In 1641, the parliaments passed a law, which restricted the imperial force. Charles was irate, and he attempted to capture the parliament, yet they got away. A horde of Londoners seethed outside of the castle. Charles fled to London, and discovered numerous supporters. Individuals there were faithful to him. From 1642 to 1649, the supporters and rivals of Charles battled in the Civil war. The ones who were faithful to Charles were called Cavaliers, and his rivals were called Puritans. In 1644, the Puritans found a general who could win the common war. His name was Oliver Cromwell. In 1646, Cromwell and his new armed force crushed the Cavaliers. In 1649, Charles was seen as liable of treachery, and condemned to death. This execution was progressive. After Cromwell passed on, Charles II turned into the ruler. In 1685, Charles II kicked the bucket, and James II became ruler. He before long infuriated his subjects by displaying his Catholicism, and designating Catholic men in high workplaces. Seven individuals from the Parliament welcomed William and Mary to topple James. William and Mary lead their military to London, however James fled to France. The topple of King James II was known as the heavenly transformation. As we look carefully into the realities of history, we understand that numerous occasion were connected together. The heavenly transformation couldn't have occurred on the off chance that it had not been for the common war. The common war time started the impediment of regal force, and without this, the subjects would have not had the option to over toss a lord. Another explanation the common war lead to the superb insurgency is that Charles was executed during the common war. In the event that Charles had not been executed he may have still been the best, so the oust of James couldnt have occurred.

How To Choose An Online Essay Editor

How To Choose An Online Essay EditorAn online essay editor is important to any college student trying to impress the college admissions officers who are reading their essays. The essay is your chance to write your best, most personal impression of yourself to college admissions officers. It is your chance to let them know what you would be like if you were in college. It is your chance to show them why you would be a good candidate for them to enroll you in their college.You don't have to worry about writing essays because it is best left to professionals who have written hundreds of them already and can get you the one that you want. These are the professionals who are able to craft essays for the admissions officers so that they will not only understand your feelings about your school, but will also be able to assess what type of student you are and what type of candidate you are. An online essay editor can do just that.A good online essay editor is someone who can understand the q uestion and use it in conjunction with other parts of the essay that you are writing in order to help you make an even better essay. The student is encouraged to write from their heart and to speak from the truth of their experiences. You will be able to trust the results that the online essay editor will give you.The key is to be honest and sincere about your concerns and ideas and then make them come to life with creative and original thinking that will make the admissions officer love you for you. This is how you will get them to love you. Be sure to choose an online essay editor that you feel comfortable with.In the student's life, you will find many challenges that you will have to face as a student. It is necessary that you have someone that you can confide in and not have any problems with. When you have a trusted friend to turn to, things will go much smoother.You should select an essay editor that is someone that you feel confident talking to. You don't want someone that is quick to judge or one that has an opinion that is different than yours. Both you and the admissions officer should be able to come to an agreement about how to proceed. This is important and there shouldn't be any hard feelings.In this case, you should ask the admissions officer if they have an opinion on a certain topic and see what kind of help they can offer. Sometimes, you can even get them to suggest someone to you to help write your essay. It is always best to ask for help if you can, but it is not always possible to get someone to come to your aid.In most cases, the best way to ensure that you have the best essay possible is to choose the right essay editor. Make sure that they are very good at what they do and are not just out to make a buck off of you. They should be a good source of honest advice and the very best results. Give them your best to see the best possible outcome.

Does Social Inequality Exist in Jamaica - 3694 Words

Introduction â€Å"Social Inequality allows for the exclusion of individuals and the formation of prejudices and discrimination. Carefully analyze and discuss the validity of this statement based on current events in the Jamaican society.† Social Inequality is the existence of socially created inequalities; it occurs when ideology and power combine to make one group of people feel inferior to another. From a sociological perspective people are able to assess both opportunities and constraints that characterize their lives as it relates to age, sex, gender, race and class and based on this, many ills that the world faces today are derived from some person’s blatant disregard for differences. A prejudice is a preconceived belief toward a†¦show more content†¦It also means a priori beliefs (without knowledge of the facts) and includes any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence. Although positive and negative prejudice both exist, when used negatively, prejudice implies fear and antipathy toward such a group or person. †¢ Cognitive Prejudice refers to what people believe to be true: for example, in adherence to a particular metaphysical or methodological philosophy at the expense of other philosophies which may offer a more complete theoretical explanation. †¢ Affective Prejudice refers to what people like and dislike: for example, in attitudes toward members of particular classes such as race, ethnicity, national origin, or creed. †¢ Conative Prejudice refers to how people are inclined to behave. It is regarded as an attitude because people do not act on their feelings. An example of conative prejudice may be found in expressions of what should be done if the opportunity presents itself. These three types of prejudice are correlated, but all need not be present in a particular individual. Someone may believe that a particular group possesses low levels of intelligence, but harbor no ill feeling towards that group. A group may be disliked because of intense competition for jobs, but still recognize no differencesShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Jamaica Kincaids Lucy and Edwidge Danticats The Farming of Bones1744 Words   |  7 PagesDanticat and Kincaid Every single culture is a unique social creation wherein the population of a given location has worked together for years to develop attitudes, perceptions, artistic and aesthetic interests, and ideologies which will be individual to the culture. It will also develop important attitudes about which groups within the cultural community will comprise the majority and which the minority. Those in the majority culture will have the power and those in the minority will have to abideRead More Women in the Developing World Essay1049 Words   |  5 Pageseconomic change in the developing worlds usually say little or nothing about women’s issues. In the past two decades, two factors have contributed to the new understanding of women in developing nations: the emergence of feminist or gender-related social science research and the growing awareness by policy planners that women play an important role in the modernization process. Third world women, just as woman in industrialized nations, are largely represented in particular occupations. The majorityRead MoreAre our Males in Crisis and are They Being Marginalised?2014 Words   |  9 PagesThere are scholars who believe that men are being marginalised and that it is a growing issue within the Caribbean context. Men are said to be treated insignificantly in Caribbean societies and are losing their dominant roles within the educational, social, political and economic spheres of life. The idea of male marginalisation was coined by Errol Miller who states that Caribbean men are indeed being marginalised. â€Å"In an unjust gender system there is unequal access to and distribution of material resourcesRead MorePoverty and Its Impact on Development in the Caribbean2990 Words   |  12 Pagesover time so as to achieve first world status. Most of the Caribbean countries are ranked as middle income countries. These countries realize that achieving first world statu s is a long term initiative given the many social problems that we face as a Caribbean nation. Among the many social problems that we face, poverty is the most pervasive of them all. Despite the effort of many of these countries to try and eradicate poverty it continues to account for the slow pace at which these countries developRead MoreThe Death Of My Uncle Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pagesdeath of my uncle was the catalyst for my decision to enter the field of public health. His death has pushed me to strive for excellence and has influenced my academic and future aspirations. My ultimate career goals are to become a general surgeon who does clinical and community-based research and to serve the community. This paper will explore the financial challenges I encountered while growing up, the death of my uncle, and how this has influenced my passion and future aspiration to become a healthRead MoreDeviance And Social Control Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesdeviance and social contro l. There are various factors to research on the topic to develop a complete understanding of the two ideas. 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Furthermore, while Francis Marion did have slaves, his militia is filled with both black and whiteRead MoreGender, Sex and Society of Jamaicans2006 Words   |  8 Pagesprompt the question, â€Å"what is wrong with our males?† One attempt to provide an answer among the sphere of education was Errol Millers ‘Marginalization of the Black Jamaican Male’ (1986).Errol Miller, professor at the University of the West Indies, Jamaica, coined the term ‘male marginalisation’, within the late1980s. Marginalisation can be defined as â€Å"Treating an individual, group, or idea as insignificant or peripheral† (Oxford Dictionary Language Matters, 2014). Several other creditable persons alongRead More Neocolonialism in Jamaica Essay6862 Words   |  28 PagesNeocolonialism in Jamaica: History, practices, and resistance â€Å"The imposition of structural adjustment programs in the Third World since the 1970s has been characterized as a war against the poor, a process of [neo] recolonization† (Turner, 1994: 37). This statement is particularly applicable to the country of Jamaica. The island has been susceptible to a variety of neocolonial acts including the presence of multinational corporations, structural adjustment programs, and loan organizationsRead More Global Interdependence Essay1640 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom constructed structures and apathy to the past and habit, but it can be done. Robert Marks states, â€Å"We are born and raised under circumstances neither of our own choosing nor of our own making. 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Taking a Look at Indias Geography - 516 Words

Did you know that India is the second most populated country in the world with over 1.2 billion people? This heavily populated country’s history and culture was, and still is, affected by its geography. For example, The Ganges River provided some irrigation, but was mostly known for its religious significance in the Hindu faith. The Indus River provided fertile land for the Indus Valley civilization and allowed agriculture to flourish, but also flooded, which was part of the civilization’s economical weakening. Another factor that which brought the fall of the civilization was the Hindu Kush Mountain Range; although it provided some protection, paths were discovered by invaders that permitted them to cross over and quell. The Ganges River, a wide and slow paced river, starting from the mountain tops, then through the Gangetic Plain, and finally empties into the Bay of Bengal (â€Å"Ganges River†). The fertile Gangetic Plain was where settlements and developing c ities during prehistoric times because it was stable agriculturally (â€Å"Geography†). Despite the fact that the Ganges brought great fertility, it is also known as the most holy and sacramental river in the Hindu religion. The river is personified as a goddess, Ganga, who was sent from heaven to purify cursed and sinful souls; she was caught in â€Å"the snowy Himalayan peaks of Shiva’s hair†, then escapes by flowing down the mountain into the sea and finally purified more than 60,000 souls (Watts). Due to this myth, peopleShow MoreRelatedPoverty And Inequality Between The United States Of America And India Essay2035 Words   |  9 Pagesfactors that have created the clear disparities in inequality and poverty between the two countries. Geography: When analyzing the geographical size and significance of both the US and India we need to look at the geography as it relates to inequality and poverty. 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Nike Sweatshop in Indonesia

Question: Discuss about the Nike Sweatshop in Indonesia. Answer: This assignment consists of summarizing the Nike Sweatshop in Indonesia and relating it with Responsible Commerce. The elimination of trade obstacles and advancement of free deal agreements between U.S.A and emergent countries like Taiwan, Indonesia and China is increasing more American Companies to transfer their production facilities to those developing countries respectively. The production launching by the American companies facilities companies to exploit workers moderately at lower costs in developing countries (Nisen 2013). Nike is one of the world most popular multinational corporations that produce shoe manufacturing. Nike has its presence in developing countries like Vietnam, China and Indonesia. Nike manufactures and produces these shoes in developing countries generally on a contract basis. Moreover, Nike does not hold any manufacturing amenities rather it produce it goods where they can exploit workers at a lower cost. As a result of this scenario, Nike faced a lot of problems in developing their businesses and the corporation has been all over the news due to complains about paying low wages to their employees, long hour of shifts and also imposing child labour practices in those countries respectively. Nike has also made contracts with many celebrity sports stars, those who charge a lump sum of money to promote their goods like multimillion-dollar agreements (Howeidi, Ghauri and Ilyas 2016). The organization Nike has admitted the fact that they only manufacture in those countries that are genera lly in their developing phase and consists of cheap labour and lack of human rights movements. Due to these practices, Nike has made huge margins of profit and nearly paid mere 20 cents an hour to its valuable workers. The success of Nike not only based on brand movements and costly advertisement but also the tormented faced by workers and child labors respectively. The main challenges faced by Nike Corporation are to enforce their codes of conduct and utilize their power to make certain that their employees and workers obtain proper human and labor rights accordingly. Moreover, these sweatshops are away from the reach of U.S. Laws and jurisdiction (McCaughey and Ayers 2013). Impact on Society: According to the researcher, Nike should be answerable and accounted for all the poor working environmental circumstances that are prevailing in the factories of developing countries. The Nike Corporation must not only take the benefit of contemptible working labor in foreign soils but also take adequate amount of responsibilities of all the employees working with them. As being one of the multinational organizations of the world, they must provide their employees with clear understanding of their roles and objectives worldwide. For example, Nike should implement the strategy of Coca Cola industries in India. Coca Cola industries were in the news due to using preservatives and pesticides in their cold drinks. However, after proper inspection of their manufacturing facilities, Coca Cola ensured that their manufacturing services must follow the universal rule and initiate equal standard of water purification across each manufacturing unit globally. Coca Cola also imp lanted that its employees and workers are least amount wages and the organizations have taken numerous steps to provide their employees with better working conditions in the manufacturing factories. Thus, with these initiatives Coca Coal Company became socially responsible towards its employees in their respective countries of operations (Landry 2013). Nevertheless, Nike is precisely far away from all this responsibilities, it is clear that Nike should take proper care for their sub contractors those who develop the workers in foreign soil. Nike should have made changes in the working situations of their employees and pay good amount of wages to them, it would not only benefit the workers but also the organizations in the long run. Nike only concentrates on making their shareholders happy and always tries to improve their value respectively. Moreover, the employees of developing countries were happy and eager to work under this crucial circumstances due to the earnings they get are moreover same or equal to what they get from other companies respectively (Howeidi, Ghauri and Ilyas 2016). This evaluates the fact that the environment that are measured unethical in urbanized countries are ethical in budding countries where the manufacturing is done. There needs to be a good combination of Standards that must prevail in U.S. and other developing countries simultaneously where Nike has its mechanized factories facilities. If Nike is enforced to follow the same standards of United States in developing countries, the company will not be benefitted with low cost of labor and other environmental advantages of producing a shoe (as seen in figure 1). On the other hand, if Nike Corporation follows only the foreign standards the organization will not been able to concur with the Human Rights issues that a international multinational corporation must follow (Kelley 2014). Therefore, it is very much necessary that Nike have to utilize both perspectives accordingly and make a good combination of standards respectively. This will ensure the organization to provide their workers with minimum wages across several countries globally. Moreover, Nike will also ensure better working conditions to their employees by combing the standards effectively . By doing so, Nike will gain good public relation rather than wasting their money by creating defensive public relation strategies (Anner 2013). Fig.1. Spending on No Sweatshop Labeled goods Source: (Rosenthal and Hawkins 2014) Presence of Nike in Indonesia: The everyday wage rate varies from country to country and the labor laws of that country fix it accordingly. Nike began its business operations in Indonesia in 1996. Nike not being paying bare minimum wages to their employees in Indonesia but they were also fling petition to the government of Indonesia to reduce the daily wages of their workers. The wage rate in Indonesia is $2.29 a day and the government of Indonesia itself fixes it. This wages covers up to 70% of the fundamental needs of a person to survive and sustain in the society. The wage rate also differs from city to city the workers lives in, experience of the employee, skill set of individual workers and the indispensable product prices in that city (Kingsley, Gray and Suri 2014). Another profound difficulty that the Indonesian employees and workers face is that quite a few organization factories pay an trainee wage for the new workers that is quite underneath the minimum wages that are fixed by the government. This trouble is mostly associated with female workers as the organization justifies that woman workers and employees needs much more time to be trained to manufacture shoes perfectly. Moreover, it is well observed that the female workers are trained in few days and in few extra hours and they are directly placed in production facilities. Nevertheless, the apprentice wage is just a simple way to cheat the workers and make them harassed accordingly (Kelley 2014). In the year 1999, the government of Indonesia announced that the wage rate would be increased to $26 per month. Moreover, for the first time in the prevailing year, Nike has also initiated to pay and increase their wage rate of their several factories over the world and paid much higher than the government allocated wage rate (as seen in figure 2). The new customize wage rate of Nike was $30 per month and a extra bonus of $37.60 per month. This is one of the biggest step forward in the wage structure by Nike Corporation in Indonesia but the wage rate was far below to maintain an regulate a average family in Indonesia (Aghar 2016). Due to the fact that majority of workers in Indonesia are unmarried womens and teenagers and from ages between 18 to 30 years. The average target for the employees is 4.5 pair of shoes a day and they only receive $2.50 as daily wages in Indonesia. To cover the basic needs of life a single person needs a wage rate around $38 every month as confirmed by the G lobal Exchange. Moreover, Nike only pays a minimum wage to the workers those who manufacture shoes that sell for $100. Nike Corporation concludes that they pay more wages to their workers than what the farmers get in the same region. The organization Nike should be criticize, for this if their sub contractors do not obey the rules set by the government, provides minimum wages to their workers and make better working environment for them. The comparison between the farmers and workers are not proportional as the farmers receives loan and allowances from the government but not the workers of Nike (Misra 2014). Fig 2. Hourly wages in Sweatshops in different countries Source: (Bartley and Child 2014) There were different kind of accusations in the year 1990 for example, Nike was accused for accusation of child labor, the company was paying wages to their workers that are well below the poverty level, and most of the workers were not paid on paid on overtime (as seen in figure 3). Moreover, Nike was also accused for physical abuse of their employees by the management, poor working conditions prevailing in the shop floor and bad air quality. For example, when Nike was in Vietnam, one of the factory officials was condemned of physically abusing the workers, and left the country during police investigations (Bartley and Child 2014). Ethical Dilemma: Nike Corporation started to face workers strikes after the implementation of human rights group activities. More than 10,000 Indonesian personnel from Nikes factories went on Strikes to remonstration against the payment of low wages and poor working conditions in the year 1997. Moreover, at the same time, 1300 worker from the Vietnam factories started their strike operation in order to ensure a raise of one cent per hour to their wages. Nike Employees and workers in China also started protesting against the dangerous work culture prevailing within the factories (Sethi and Rovenpor 2016). There were demands of human right groups that were denied and ignored by the Nike Company. It included things such as to protect workers, those who speak honestly about the working conditions of the factory. Maintain transparent and independent classified procedures for observing and examine workers complaints. Paying decent wages to their workers and trying to provide sound reasonable working hours of the employees is essential. The Companys Code of demeanor was introduced in 2002 in order to maintain and adjust the safety and other security of working conditions in the factory. All of their contracted factories use the obligatory sources respectively. In the year 2004, an additional health and labor standards and monitoring plans were developed that provided Nike to regulate Nikes Responsibility Report (Brunk 2017). The full details of all the factories of Nikes were listed in the report accordingly. This report initiated a motivation towards workers as the report stated every details of the factory it is easy to make independent public investigations. After the implementation of this report, Nikes public image trend to improve and all the problems regarding sweatshop decreased with this regulating document. The changes also initiated positive changes in the organization politics (Rosenthal and Hawkins 2015). Recommendations: In the year 1998, Nikes CEO Phillip Knight made some official announcement about the organization policies on providing better working conditions in manufacturing factories. Phillip Knight implemented standards for shoe industries that all the other companies must follow. The promises made by Phillip Knight are as follows. All the factories must meet the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration principles in air quality. The least age of the workers and employees will be raised to 18 for the footwear factories and to 16 for apparel factories (Rosenthal and Hawkins 2015). Nike Corporation must implement non-governmental organizations to monitor their factory operations. Nike will also try to provide their workers with education program and make proper high school courses for their employees. Moreover, Nike must grant loan and expand their loan program benefits to the following countries like Vietnam, Pakistan, Thailand and Indonesia. Nike will also try to initiate funding on university research on making responsible business practices in their factories (Aghar 2016). Therefore, it is concluded that the Labor rights in Nikes Sweatshop in Indonesia has made a deep influence on the Industry itself. The exploiting workers of sweatshop are trying to improve their working conditions. It is been observed that the wages of Nikes Factories were increased in the due course of the business but not considerably. Moreover, nowadays people are becoming much more concerned about the fair trade practices of labor and it is one of the peak times for Nike to adopt all the suggested measures. Otherwise, it will be very difficult for them to sustain their business. References: Anner, M., 2013. Workers power in global value chains: Fighting sweatshop practices at Russell, Nike and Knights Apparel.Transnational trade unionism: Building union power, pp.23-41. Asghar, M.S., 2016. Current Legal and Business Situation of the Organizations in Some Developing Asian Countries with Respect to the Child Labour. Bartley, T. and Child, C., 2014. Shaming the corporation: The social production of targets and the anti-sweatshop movement.American Sociological Review,79(4), pp.653-679. Brunk, K.H., 2017. Shedding Light on the Ethical Consumer Debate: Evidence from a Qualitative Investigation of Body Shop Consumers. InThe Customer is NOT Always Right? Marketing Orientationsin a Dynamic Business World(pp. 292-300). Springer, Cham. Howeidi, M., Ghauri, A. and Ilyas, M.I., 2016.The transition of the MNC Nike with its stakeholders and the implementation of CSR(Doctoral dissertation). Kelley, S., 2014. Moving Beyond Boycotts: Strategies for Shared Responsibility in the Collegiate Apparel Industry.Journal of Catholic Higher Education,33(2). Kingsley, S.C., Gray, M.L. and Suri, S., 2014, September. Monopsony and the crowd: Labor for lemons. InInternet, Politics, Policy 2014 Conference, Oxford, UK, September(pp. 18-19). Landry, M.J., 2013. Kasky v. Nike: Lurking First Amendment Time Bomb for Marketers?.Atlantic Marketing Journal,2(2), p.3. McCaughey, M. and Ayers, M.D. eds., 2013.Cyberactivism: Online activism in theory and practice. Routledge. Misra, S., 2014. Corporate responsibility for sustainability in Post-Globalization: The Nike Inc. Lesson.International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering,4(10), p.501. Nisen, M., 2013. How Nike solved its sweatshop problem.Business Insider. https://www. businessinsider. com/how-nike-solved-its-sweatshop-problem-2013-5. Powell, B., 2014.Out of poverty: Sweatshops in the global economy. Cambridge University Press. Rosenthal, P.C. and Hawkins, A.E., 2014. Applying the Law of Child Labor in Agricultural Supply Chains: A Realistic Approach.UC Davis J. Int'l L. Pol'y,21, p.157. Rosenthal, P.C. and Hawkins, A.E., 2015. CONFRONTING CHILD LABOR IN GLOBAL AGRICULTURAL SUPPLY CHAINS: Applying the Law of Child Labor in Agricultural Supply Chains: A Realistic Approach.UC Davis J. Int'l L. Pol'y,21, pp.157-279. Sethi, S.P. and Rovenpor, J.L., 2016. The Role of NGOs in Ameliorating Sweatshop?like Conditions in the Global Supply Chain: The Case of Fair Labor Association (FLA), and Social Accountability International (SAI).Business and Society Review,121(1), pp.5-36. Su, W. and Tsang, E.W., 2015. Product diversification and financial performance: The moderating role of secondary stakeholders.Academy of Management Journal,58(4), pp.1128-1148.

Research Proposal on Economic Growth Essay Example

Research Proposal on Economic Growth Essay Economic growth is the change of the results of the functioning of economics. Economic growth is divided into intensive and extensive according to the methods and principles of the development. The extensive economic growth is observed when the process of production involves more and more resources for the improvement of its rates, while the intensive growth is the involvement of the latest achievements and discoveries in science and technology and improvement the new forms of the organization of the production. The macroeconomic factors which influence the economic growth are factors of supply, demand and distribution. The factors of supply are: the quantity of and quality of natural resources, the quality and quantity of the labor force and the quantity of the main capital. These factors influence the economic development, because the quality of the labor force and the available resources and capital are able to make the process of production intensive due to the hard work of the employees and their top qualification which can influence the results of the work and increase the success of the company. The factors of demand are very important for the gradual economic growth, because if no one requires the chosen production or if no one is able to spend money on it, the production will be useless and the growth will not occur. The problem of economic growth is quite important for understanding but at the same time the factors important for it are quite easy. The only thing which is essential for the intensive and rapid economic growth is the cooperation of all the factors simultaneously. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Economic Growth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Economic Growth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Economic Growth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Economic growth is the natural process which occurs in economics and it is associated with the reduction of the rates of unemployment, the increase of the income and quality of life. The student is able to prepare a quality research proposal which would observe the issue on economic growth from the alternative and personal point of view. The young professional should present his own vision of the problem and suggest the new research approach and choose the core questions for the research. The student is expected to use the adequate methodology and choose the most useful sources to collect information about the economic growth and its types. The student is able to learn to construct his research proposal in the right way if he takes advantage of the Internet help and looks through a free example research proposal on inflation and economic growth analyzed by an expert. The student has the chance to understand the manner of standards of writing following the quality advice of a free sample research proposal on local economic development suggested for the student’s advantage in the web. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Economic Growth topics. Your proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!

Miles Davis an American Jazz essays

Miles Davis an American Jazz essays One of my favorite trumpet players is Miles Davis. Miles Davis, "American jazz musician, a great trumpeter who as a bandleader and composer was one of the major influences on the art from the late 1940s." Miles Davis was, and still is one of the greatest jazz trumpeters of all time. His style and smoothness on the trumpet caught the ears of many people. Miles Davis was born in Alton, Illinois., on May 26, 1926. For most of Miles's life he was raised in East St. Louis in an upper middle class family. Before Davis got interested into music he liked sports a lot. He loved playing baseball, football, boxing, and basketball. The first trumpet he received was in his preteen years. He practically fell in love with it the first time he played it. Davis liked to play in his high school band and in R In 1942 Miles married his wonderful wife, Irene. In July of 1944 he sat in with Billy Eckstine and his band, where he met his life long idols, Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker. In the fall, Miles goes to New York to attend Juilliard School of Music. "I spent my first week in NY and my first month's allowance looking for Charlie "Bird" Parker. Later I roomed with Parker for a year and followed him around down to 52nd street. Every night I'd write down chords, on matchbook covers. Next day, I'd play these chords, all day in the practice rooms at Juilliard, instead of going to classes." "Instead of taking classes he hooked up with Bird, playing in his quintet comprising from 1946-1948." After that Miles goes out to form a band of his own. His first band that he formed was actually a quintet comprising John Coltrane, Red Garland, Paul Chambers, and Philly Joe Jones. The quintet was a big success. During 1950-1955 Miles became a pretty busy man. "In the middle of January 1951, around the seventeenth, I played on three recording sessions: one with Bird for Verve Records early in the day, then on my own date for...

Free sample - Corporate Labor Relations. translation missing

Corporate Labor Relations. Corporate Labor RelationsLabor relations are an expansive concept which mostly guides the relationships between employers and employees. While labor relations are mostly applied when the relationship involves employees in trade unions but also they can apply for those not in unions. Labor relations are integrated into a national policy on labor.   The government and a nation’s various regulations provide to the industry principles regarding the treatment of employees. In the United States of America, labor relations gained a huge boost with the passage of the National Labor Relations Act in the year 1935. The National Labor Relations Act gave most employees these rights. The case was upheld by the high court around the year 1937. The National Labor Relations Act 1935 also advocates for affirmative action. Affirmative action refers to an employer giving equal employment opportunities to the employees (Ackers, 2003; Kaufman, 2004). The employer is not supposed to discriminate the employees along whatever line be it race, color, religion, origin, sex, age, citizenship or even disability. Any discrimination based on whatever characteristics would be treated as a breach of labor relations and rights. Forms of breach of labor relations Many organizations in the US have for long time discriminated workers along the lines of race. Many organizations in the United States of America absorb whites at the expense of the black Americans. If all the unemployed black Americans were to replace the employed white workers only 1 per cent of the whites will be affected. This shows how important the affirmative action is and all the employers need to be compelled to adopt it. The other phenomenon of breach of the labor relations is captured in the poor working conditions. This means that they are not entitled to any benefits, their pay is poor and they cannot join the existing trade unions. With such working conditions, those casual workers operate as if they do not have rights. The labor relations call for employers to ensure job security for all their employees. Many organizations do not allow for permanent terms which require the employee to sign for appointment contract which stipulates the terms and conditions of the job including the grounds and arrangements upon which an employee can be laid off. Breach of labor relations is always illegal. This is because it violates human rights. It also breaks the law governing labor in the United States of America. As a result breach of labor relations is a civil case answerable in a court of law. National Labor Relations Act 1935 of the US has quite a number of options to deal with such case of breach of labor relations. One of the common options is by ensuring that the complainant is fully compensated for any damages. The compensation can be monetary or incase the employee was laid off to be reinstated. Another option is fining the organization and letting the fine go to the government’s kitty. The organization can also be compelled to adopt the regulation and execute it to all its employees. This will ensure that employees get more permanent terms, job security, better pays, form trade unions which can fight for their rights when need be. In conclusion, there are two broad forms which breach of labor relations can take. The first form of breach includes discrimination of the person along a given line For instance. color or race. This influences who gets a job and who does not. The other form is as a result of violating human rights For instance. poor working conditions.

A report on highest priority program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A report on highest priority program - Essay Example Also, the Department of Defense feels that the State has to bring back the allied forces so that the cost of maintaining such a high degree of expenditure n the troops can be minimized. Let us focus on the expenditure on the war on terror. The Department of Defense has spent an estimated amount of 4 Trillion USD. This is the highest amount of money spent by the Unites States of America upon a single agenda. The war on terror in Afghanistan and Iraq has cost us a lot of money and the results of the same have not been any fruitful. Even though the companies based out of USA have got the chance and opportunity to built industries in the areas which have been inflicted by the war, the Department of Defense in consultation with the Department of Commerce feels that the economic spending has outgrown the income received by the US based companies from doing business in the war inflicted areas. The highest priority for the United States of America is to control the high level of external exp enditure of the state. The international debt has increased dramatically in the past 3 years and the Department of Commerce in consultation with us have concluded that the war on terror has had dramatic consequences on the purchasing power parity of the Government. There are thousands of troops who have been lined up in Iraq and Afghanistan and it is imperative that we should start cutting down on the supply of our troops in those countries. â€Å"The President spent $850 billion on defense in his first year. This included $530.1 billion for the DoD base budget, and $152.7 billion to fund other departments, such as Homeland Security and the Veterans Administration.† Understanding from the above observations, it is imperative that the State is spending a lot more amount on external security than it has to. The State must recognize the fact that the spending is going out of bounds and it might become difficult to grapple with it. We must be vigilant with our money and it is cru cial that we do not allow the spending to escalate our economic debts. The Department of Defense has made this report in consultation and advises from the Department of Commerce. Moving forward, the Department of Defense categorically state that the States and the President should remove 50% of the troops from the war affected areas by 2015. By the time the country enters a safe economic zone period, it is imperative that the troops are then brought back to the country. We plan to put in a system in place where the interior troops of Iraq and Afghanistan shall be trained and provided with ammunition to counter any insurgency. We shall start the training method by July 2014 and hope to accomplish the training of at least 100000 troops in those countries so that we can then start to remove our troops gradually and place their troops instead. This will also allow those nations to manage any insurgency or attacks and shall make them self-sufficient. Once we send out our troops from the war affected areas, we shall then create a system of checks and balances which will make sure that the process of replacing our troops with their troops is seamless. By 2016 end of the year we hope to have taken away all the allied forces away from the war-ridden areas and reduce our expenditure on war by 80%. This will give the economy the much-needed impetus in terms of monetary strength. The economy will be face

In what ways are MNEs developing new business networks with an ethical Essay

In what ways are MNEs developing new business networks with an ethical orientation Using examples, explain why these developmen - Essay Example The sheer size of these corporations have made them almost like political actors, in the countries they are present and it is believed that their decisions and actions can affect the demography in both positive and negative ways (Holland, 2010). The emergence of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be traced to this very point which is concerned with the issue of reducing negative impacts of the corporate on the population of the country. The CSR deals with the ethics and social responsibility of the company, the two major factors in the strategic management process of a country (Godiwalla and Damanpour, 2006). Ethical conduct is a major requirement of the MNEs in countries in which they operate. The expectations of the countries, in which these companies operate, are the major determinant of the ethical and social conduct of an organization. This essay aims to understand the ways in which MNEs are expanding their new business networks, considering the ethical considerations and the way these contribute in building competitive strength of the companies. Business Ethics: Definition There are numerous definitions of business ethics that can be considered. For the purpose of this essay, business ethics can be defined as the principles, values and standards, which guide the business in its conduct with the external world (Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrel, 2011). Principles include the basic rights like, freedom of speech, justice and equal rights, which are universal and form the basis of the rules. Values, on the other hand, comprise of social norms established by conventions in the society which are socially enforcing. These include integrity, accountability and trust and the standards for these are largely determined by investors, employees and interest groups and influence the society’s acceptance of what is permissible or not by the business. Strategic ethic management has the potential of improving both the economic and ethical goals of MNEs, whe n they consider expanding the existing business to new geographies. Research work has shown that there is a positive correlation between ethical business conducts and long-term financial development of the companies (Takei, 2011). This prompts companies to take ethical issues seriously in their expansion. The causality relationship between the profitability growth and business ethics are yet to be confirmed. Empirical evidences show that there are positive correlation between financial growth and ethical considerations. These discoveries imply that the strategic management must take into consideration the aspect of business ethics in their management process (Krishnamurthi, 2008). Rationale for business ethics Business ethics forms an important responsibility of the manager who conducts the business. The need for implementation of business ethics is more severe for managers who have the responsibility of conducting foreign operations as they face more pressing ethical issues which a re absent within the domestic borders (Luminita and Constantin, n.d.). There are various reasons responsible for this difference like: Firstly, the difference in the legal and political structure of a country in which the business is likely to operate. These differences are further pronounced by the ethical and traditional conventions of the society. Secondly, the differences between the economic organizations of countries in

Emerging Technologies Essays -- Digital Gadgets, Personal Information

During the 21st century the world has witnessed massive developments in technology. Almost every person is familiar with the use of digital gadgets for communication, socialization and data storage among other services (Freedman 02). The inventions of electronic devices that can be used to store, send, receive and access any information are results of advancements in technology. These developments belong to the information and communications category. Many people in today’s world make the mistake of thinking that the technological advancements that are happening right now are the only technologic advancements evolving in the world. However when it comes down to it, people have been experiencing technological advancements as early as the Neolithic period, impacting almost every aspect of life. These ancient technologies have come to be overtaken by time, as there are new ones which seem to be more efficient in accomplishing similar tasks. Emerging technologies can be said to be innovations and advancements that can be witnessed in different sectors of technology (Zelkowitz 6). Most up-coming technologies have brought synchronization of the previous developments, making them work together in achieving a similar goal. A good example of this is how video, data and telephonic technologies have now been made to work together in achieving the same goal of effective communication (Zelkowitz 12). All of these technologies used to exist completely by them self, but not anymore. Scientists developed different social services that connect people together in a form of social media. Examples of these applications include; Twitter; Facebook, Vine, and Instagram among many others. As much as these new technologies have brought efficiency and a... ...ormation, and we cannot just do away with emerging technologies just because of critics. We need to accept that everything has its share of merits and demerits, and move on. All we need is looking for means of preserving our cultures and history as well as basic education whether there are emerging technologies or not. Works cited Freedman, C. D. The Extension of the Criminal Law to Protecting Confidential Commercial Information: Comments on the Issues and the Cyber-Context. (August 01, 2013). International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 13, 2, 147-162. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600869955116#.UdhxNezkU1I Gopnik, Adam. â€Å"The Information: A Critic at Large.† The New Yorker 14 Feb. 2011: 124+. ProQuest. Web. 31 October 2011. Zelkowitz, Marvin V..Vol.73 Advances in Technology: Emerging Technologies. Amsterdam [u.a.: Elsevier, 2013. Print.

Agriculture in Pakistan

In order to achieve full employment and raise its entire population above the poverty line by the year 2006-07, Pakistan needs to create additional employment for 100 million persons and raise the incomes of millions of under-employed persons. This report presents a program to achieve these goals utilizing the country's competitive advantage in labour-intensive agricultural crops and allied industries. Misfortunes can happen to some very good products. One of the major reasons for such mishappenings, is that industries and organizations fail to realize the importance of a well-planned process of new or existing product development.They do not acknowledge that â€Å" change is the only constant thing in this world† and as trends change it is important to change their products along with it too. The objectives of the program are to double agricultural production in ten years, achieve complete nutritional self-sufficiency for the country, and generate millions in exports of sugar , fruits, vegetables, silk and cotton textiles. The program will generate a minimum growth rate of more than 4% in the agricultural sector. New changes, are the lifeblood of companies.When firms do not change their level of production to meet the requirements of changing consumer desires, government regulations completion and a host of other factors: market share and profit usually decline. The life of a new industry often depends on how it conceives and produceses. INTRODUCTION Agriculture Pakistan's principal natural resources are arable land, water, and extensive natural gas reserves. About 28% of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation and is watered by one of the largest irrigation systems in the world.Agriculture accounts for about 24% of GDP and employs about 44% of the labor force. The most important crops are cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, and vegetables, which together account for more than 75% of the value of total crop output. Despite intensive farming p ractices, Pakistan remains a net food importer. Pakistan exports rice, cotton, fish, fruits, and vegetables and imports vegetable oil, wheat, cotton, pulses, and consumer foods. The economic importance of agriculture has declined since independence, when its share of GDP was around 53%.Following the poor harvest of 1993, the government introduced agriculture assistance policies, including increased support prices for many agricultural commodities and expanded availability of agricultural credit. From 1993 to 1997, real growth in the agricultural sector averaged 5. 7% but has since declined to less than 4%. Agricultural reforms, including increased wheat and oilseed production, play a central role in the government's economic reform package. Role of agriculture in Pakistan.ARTICLE (September 20 2006): Agriculture is a way of life, a tradition, which for centuries has shaped the economic life, culture and the thought of the people. The importance of agriculture in the development of a country cannot be ignored. Growth of agriculture is very much essential for achieving self-reliance in major food items. Pakistan with a total land area of 79. 61 million hectares is termed as an agricultural country because agricultural sector is the single largest sector of the country which not only provides food to 140 million people but also provides employment to about 48 % of the workforce.Beside, it also provides raw material to the industry, contributes about 60% to export earnings, and provides the livelihood for 70% rural population. In short the agriculture sector can rightly be called the backbone of our economy, as it contributes around Rs800 billion, almost one-fourth to the total GDP i. e. contributing 25% of the GDP. However, the sector, which possesses the potential to be a lead sector in accelerating the economic growth and reducing poverty in Pakistan, has received less attention from successive governments in the past 57 years than other issues.According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan, this year the agricultural growth target came down to 2. 6 percent from 4. 1 percent of the last year i. e. 2004-05. The Survey also attributed the slippage in agriculture to the weak performance of both the major and minor crops. However, the government hesitated to accept its poor attention towards this important sector of the economy. Although, the government announced a comprehensive package for the farmers in June this year, it failed to satisfy the majority of the farming community as they are expressing their dissatisfaction over the incentives announced.Agriculture is the single largest sector of the economy. It contributes 24 percent of the GDP employs 48. 4 percent of country’s workforce and is a major source of foreign exchange earnings. About 68% of the population lives in rural Pakistan and depends upon agriculture for sustenance. The average annual growth rate of agriculture during 1990s was 4. 5%. The highest growth rate of 11. 7 p ercent was achieved in 1995-96 mainly due to increase in cotton, gram, milk and meat production. The sector touched the lowest negative growth rate of 5. 3 percent in 1992-93 mainly due to decrease in cotton and sugarcane production.The major crops as wheat, cotton, rice, sugarcane and maize account for 41% of value added and minor crops 10% in overall agriculture. Livestock has emerged as an important sub sector of agriculture. It accounts for 37. 5% of agriculture value added and about 9. 4% of the GDP. Similarly, fisheries play an important role in national income through export earnings. Agricultural Policy The agricultural sector is highly politicized because the majority of landowners have had considerable political influence. This has resulted in agricultural policy being steered towards supporting the production of majorcash crops such as sugarcane, and exempting almost all agricultural income from taxes. However, following recent discussions with the IMF and World Bank on r evenue collection in general, the present government is in the process of re-structuring the system to try and increase agricultural taxation. In addition, successive governments have extended considerable support to the sector by providing concessionary financing to farmers for the purchase of agricultural equipment (mainly tractors) and for building irrigation and drainage systems.Three year Strategy The Ministry of Agriculture is preparing a new three-year strategy. This will focus on the enhanced productivity of export oriented crops and ensure better marketing of exportable crops to get maximum prices of the produce. The new strategy will envisages to improve the performance of the agriculture sector including Higher growth rate of agriculture as compared to population growth Food security and self-reliance in food cropsEnhancing the productivity of wheat, rice, oil seeds, cotton and sugarcane Land and water development for a sustained agricultural growth Farm input supplies su pported by appropriate technology to the farmers and at the users' end, balanced emphasis on all aspects of agricultural production including livestock, fisheries and forestry Improving marketing of agricultural commodities, emphasis on agricultural research to generate innovative technology including biotechnology for rising per acre yield of land.Improving the productivity of small farmers while encouraging the large farmers for utilization of modern technology. GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE Agriculture is a prime sector of national economy of Pakistan. The growth in agricultural sector and national economy moves hand in hand. The wide fluctuations in agricultural growth have greatly influenced national economy. The sixties was a period of green revolution wherein dwarf cultivars of wheat and rice with high turnover of photosynthesis were introduced.This brought a quantum jump in productivity of these cereals. This resulted in an average growth rate of 5. 1% during the decade. The growth however retarded in seventies to 2. 4%. The massive nationalization policy of the private enterprises had an overall negative impact on the economy. In addition there was a slow down in the process of varietals development and their release, paltering their potential. However, the seventies was a period of high public sector investments in agriculture sector.The important institutions commissioned during this decade are Tarbela Dam, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Training and Visit Program of Agricultural Extension, Seed Certification and Registration Departments/Seed Corporations, On Farm Water Management and Barani Area Development Programs. In addition Cotton Export Corporation and Rice Export Corporation were established during the decade to provide an export link to indigenous production. Agriculture in Pakistan Farming is Pakistan's largest economic activity. In FY 1993, agriculture, and small-scale forestry and fishing, contributed 25 percent of GDP and employed 48 percent of the labor force. Agricultural products, especially cotton yarn, cotton cloth, raw cotton, and rice, are important exports. Although there is agricultural activity in all areas of Pakistan, most crops are grown in the Indus River plain in Punjab and Sindh.Considerable development and expansion of output has occurred since the early 1960s; however, the country is still far from realizing the large potential yield that the well-irrigated and fertile soil from the Indus irrigation system could produce. The floods of September 1992 showed how vulnerable agriculture is to weather; agricultural production dropped dramatically in FY 1993. Land Use Pakistan's total land area is about 803,940 square kilometers. About 48 million hectares, or 60 percent, is often classified as unusable for forestry or agriculture consists mostly of deserts, mountain slopes, and urban settlements.Some authorities, however, include part of this area as agricultural land on the basis that it would support some livestock activity even though it is poor rangeland. Thus, estimates of grazing land vary widely–between 10 percent and 70 percent of the total area. A broad interpretation, for example, categorizes almost all of arid Baluchistan as rangeland for foraging livestock. Government officials listed only 3 million hectares, largely in the north, as forested in FY 1992. About 21. 9 million hectares were cultivated in FY 1992.Around 70 percent of the cropped area was in Punjab, followed by perhaps 20 percent in Sindh, less than 10 percent in the North-West Frontier Province, and only 1 percent in Baluchistan. Since independence, the amount of cultivated land has increased by more than one-third. This expansion is largely the result of improvements in the irrigation system that makes water available to additional plots. Su bstantial amounts of farmland have been lost to urbanization and waterlogging, but losses are more than compensated for by additions of new land.In the early 1990s, more irrigation projects were needed to increase the area of cultivated land. The scant rainfall over most of the country makes about 80 percent of cropping dependent on irrigation. Fewer than 4 million hectares of land, largely in northern Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province, are totally dependent on rainfall. An additional 2 million hectares of land are under no irrigated cropping, such as plantings on floodplains as the water recedes.No irrigated farming generally gives low yields, and although the technology exists to boost production substantially, it is expensive to use and not always readily available. Irrigation In the early 1990s, irrigation from the Indus River and its tributaries constituted the world's largest contiguous irrigation system, capable of watering over 16 million hectares. The system inclu des three major storage reservoirs and numerous barrages, headwork’s, canals, and distribution channels. The total length of the canal system exceeds 58,000kilometers; there are an additional 1.6 million kilometers of farm and field ditches. Partition placed portions of the Indus River and its tributaries under India's control, leading to prolonged disputes between India and Pakistan over the use of Indus waters. After nine years of negotiations and technical studies, the issue was resolved by the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960. After a ten-year transitional period, the treaty awarded India use of the waters of the main eastern tributaries in its territory–the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers. Pakistan received use of the waters of the Indus River and its western tributaries, the Jhelum and Chenab rivers.After the treaty was signed, Pakistan began an extensive and rapid irrigation construction program, partly financed by the Indus Basin Development Fund of US$800 million con tributed by various nations, including the United States, and administered by the World Bank. Several immense link canals were built to transfer water from western rivers to eastern Punjab to replace flows in eastern tributaries that India began to divert in accordance with the terms of the treaty. The Mangla Dam, on the Jhelum River, was completed in 1967.The dam provided the first significant water storage for the Indus irrigation system. The dam also contributes to flood control, to regulation of flows for some of the link canals, and to the country's energy supply. At the same time, additional construction was undertaken on barrages and canals. A second phase of irrigation expansion began in 1968, when a US$1. 2 billion fund, also administered by the World Bank, was established. The key to this phase was the Tarbela Dam on the Indus River, which is the world's largest earth-filled dam.The dam, completed in the 1970s, reduced the destruction of periodic floods and in 1994 was a m ajor hydroelectric generating source. Most important for agriculture, the dam increases water availability, particularly during low water, which usually comes at critical growing periods. Despite massive expansion in the irrigation system, many problems remain. The Indus irrigation system was designed to fit the availability of water in the rivers, to supply the largest area with minimum water needs, and to achieve these objectives at low operating costs with limited technical staff.This system design has resulted in low yields and low cropping intensity in the Indus River plain, averaging about one crop a year, whereas the climate and soils could reasonably permit an average of almost 1. 5 crops a year if a more sophisticated irrigation network were in place. The urgent need in the 1960s and 1970s to increase crop production for domestic and export markets led to water flows well above designed capacities. Completion of the Mangla and Tarbela reservoirs, as well as improvements in other parts of the system, made larger water flows possible.In addition, the government began installing public tube wells that usually discharge into upper levels of the system to add to the available water. The higher water flows in parts of the system considerably exceed design capacities, creating stresses and risks of breaches. Nonetheless, many farmers, particularly those with smallholdings and those toward the end of watercourses, suffer because the supply of water is unreliable. The irrigation system represents a significant engineering achievement and provides water to the fields that account for 90 percent of agricultural production.Nonetheless, serious problems in the design of the irrigation system prevent achieving the highest potential agricultural output. Water management is based largely on objectives and operational procedures dating back many decades and is often inflexible and unresponsive to current needs for greater water use efficiency and high crop yields. Cha rges for water use do not meet operational and maintenance costs, even though rates more than doubled in the 1970s and were again increased in the 1980s. Partly because of its low cost, water is often wasted by farmers.Good water management is not practiced by government officials, who often assume that investments in physical aspects of the system will automatically yield higher crop production. Government management of the system does not extend beyond the main distribution channels. After passing through these channels, water is directed onto the fields of individual farmers whose water rights are based on long-established social and legal codes. Groups of farmers voluntarily manage the watercourses between main distribution channels and their fields.In effect, the efficiency and effectiveness of water management relies on the way farmers use the system. The exact amounts of water wasted have not been determined, but studies suggest that losses are considerable and perhaps amount to one-half of the water entering the system. Part of the waste results from se pages in the delivery system. Even greater amounts are probably lost because farmers use water whenever their turn comes even if the water application is detrimental to their crops. The attitude among almost all farmers is that they should use water when available because it may not be available at the next scheduled turn.Moreover, farmers have little understanding of the most productive applications of water during crop-growing cycles because of the lack of research and extension services. As a result, improvements in the irrigation system have not raised yields and output as expected. Some experts believe that drastic changes are needed in government policies and the legal and institutional framework of water management if water use is to improve and that effective changes can result in very large gains in agricultural output. DrainageThe continuous expansion of the irrigation system over the past cen tury significantly altered the hydrological balance of the Indus River basin. Seepage from the system and percolation from irrigated fields caused the water table to rise, reaching crisis conditions for a substantial area. Around 1900 the water table was usually more than sixteen meters below the surface of the Indus Plain. A 1981 survey found the water table to be within about three meters of the surface in more than one-half the cropped area in Sindh and more than one-third the area in Punjab.In some locations, the water table is much closer to the surface. Cropping is seriously affected over a wide area by poor drainage–waterlogging–and by accumulated salts in the soil. Although some drainage was installed before World War II, little attention was paid to the growing waterlogging and salinity problems. In 1959 a salinity control and reclamation project was started in a limited area, based on public tube wells, to draw down the water table and leach out accumulated s alts near the surface, using groundwater for irrigation.By the early 1980s, some thirty such projects had been started that when completed would irrigate nearly 6. 3 million hectares. By 1993 the government had installed around 15,000 tube wells. Private farmers, however, had installed over 200,000 mostly small tube wells, mainly for irrigation purposes but also to lower the water table. Private Wells probably pumped more than five times as much water as public wells. Officials were aware of the need for additional spending to prevent further deterioration of the existing situation.Emphasis in the 1980s and early 1990s was on rehabilitation and maintenance of existing canals and watercourses, on farm improvements on the farms themselves (including some land leveling to conserve water), and on drainage and salinity in priority areas. Emphasis was also placed on short-term projects, largely to improve the operation of the irrigation system in order to raise yields. Part of the funding would come from steady increases in water use fees; the intention is gradually to raise water charges to cover operation and maintenance costs.Considerable time and money are needed to realize the full potential of the irrigation system and bring it up to modern standards. Farm Ownership and Land Reform At independence Pakistan was a country with a great many small-scale farms and a small number of very large estates. Distribution of landownership was badly skewed. Less than 1 percent of the farms consisted of more than 25 percent of the total agricultural land. Many owners of large holdings were absentee landlords, contributing little to production but extracting as much as possible from the sharecroppers who farmed the land.At the other extreme, about 65 percent of the farmers held some 15 percent of the farmland in holdings of about two hectares or less. Approximately 50 percent of the farmland was cultivated by tenants, including sharecroppers, most of whom had little security and few rights. An additional large number of landless rural inhabitants worked as agricultural laborers. Farm laborers and many tenants were extremely poor, uneducated, and undernourished, in sharp contrast to the wealth, status, and political power of the landlordelite. After independence the country's political leaders recognized the need for more equitable ownership of farmland and security of tenancy. In the early 1950s, provincial governments attempted to eliminate some of the absentee landlords or rent collectors, but they had little success in the face of strong opposition. Security of tenancy was also legislated in the provinces, but because of their dependent position, tenant farmers benefited only slightly.In fact, the reforms created an atmosphere of uncertainty in the countryside and intensified the animosity between wealthy landlords and small farmers and sharecroppers. In January 1959, accepting the recommendations of a special commission on the subject, General Moham mad Ayub Khan's government issued new land reform regulations that aimed to boost agricultural output, promote social justice, and ensure security of tenure. A ceiling of about 200 hectares of irrigated land and 400 hectares of nonirrigated land was placed on individual ownership; compensation was paid to owners for land surrendered.Numerous exemptions, including title transfers to family members, limited the impact of the ceilings. Slightly fewer than 1 million hectares of land were surrendered, of which a little more than 250,000 hectares were sold to about 50,000 tenants. The land reform regulations made no serious attempt to break up large estates or to lessen the power or privileges of the landed elite. However, the measures attempted to provide some security of tenure to tenants, consolidate existing holdings, and prevent fragmentation of farm plots.An average holding of about five hectares was considered necessary for a family's subsistence, and a holding of about twenty to t wenty-five hectares was pronounced as a desirable â€Å"economic† holding. In March 1972, the Bhutto government announced further land reform measures, which went into effect in 1973. The landownership ceiling was officially lowered to about five hectares of irrigated land and about twelve hectares of nonirrigated land; exceptions were in theory limited to an additional 20 percent of land for owners having tractors and tube wells.The ceiling could also be extended for poor-quality land. Owners of expropriated excess land received no compensation, and beneficiaries were not charged for land distributed. Official statistics showed that by 1977 only about 520,000 hectares had been surrendered, and nearly 285,000 hectares had been redistributed to about 71,000 farmers. The 1973 measure required landlords to pay all taxes, water charges, seed costs, and one-half of the cost of fertilizer and other inputs.It prohibited eviction of tenants as long as they cultivated the land, and it gave tenants first rights of purchase. Other regulations increased tenants' security of tenure and prescribed lower rent rates than had existed. In 1977 the Bhutto government further reduced ceilings on private ownership of farmland to about four hectares of irrigated land and about eight hectares of no irrigated land. In an additional measure, agricultural income became taxable, although small farmers owning ten hectares or fewer–the majority of the farm populations–were exempted.The military regime of Zia ul-Haq that ousted Bhutto neglected to implement these later reforms. Governments in the 1980s and early 1990s avoided significant land reform measures, perhaps because they drew much of their support from landowners in the countryside. Government policies designed to reduce the concentration of landownership had some effect, but their significance was difficult to measure because of limited data. In 1993 the most recent agricultural census was that of 1980, which was used to compare statistics with the agricultural census of 1960.Between 1960 and 1980, the number of farms declined by 17 percent and farms decreased in area by 4 percent, resulting in slightly larger farms. This decline in the number of farms was confined to marginal farms of two hectares or fewer, which in 1980 represented 34 percent of all farms, constituting 7 percent of the farm hectarage. At the other extreme, the number of very large farms of sixty hectares or more was 14,000–both in 1960 and in 1980–although the average size of the biggest farms was smaller in 1980. The number of farms between two and ten hectares increased during this time.Greater use of higher-yielding seeds requiring heavier applications of fertilizers, installations of private tube wells, and mechanization accounted for much of the shift away from very small farms toward mid-sized farms, as owners of the latter undertook cultivation instead of renting out part of their land. Observers b elieved that this trend had continued in the 1980s and early 1990s. In early 1994, land reform remained a controversial and complex issue. Large landowners retain their power over small farmers and tenants, especially in the interior of Sindh, which has a feudal agricultural establishment.Tenancy continues on a large-scale: one-third of Pakistan's farmers are tenant farmers, including almost one-half of the farmers in Sindh. Tenant farmers typically give almost 50 percent of what they produce to landlords. Fragmented holdings remain a substantial and widespread problem. Studies indicate that larger farms are usually less productive per hectare or unit of water than smaller ones. Cropping Patterns and Production In the early 1990s, most crops were grown for food. Wheat is by far the most important crop in Pakistan and is the staple food for the majority of the population.Wheat is eaten most frequently in unleavened bread called chapatti. In FY 1992, wheat was planted on 7. 8 million hectares, and production amounted to 14. 7 million tons. Output in FY 1993 reached 16. 4 million tons. Between FY 1961 and FY 1990, the area under wheat cultivation increased nearly 70 percent, while yields increased 221 percent. Wheat production is vulnerable to extreme weather, especially in nonirrigated areas. In the early and mid-1980s, Pakistan was self-sufficient in wheat, but in the early 1990s more than 2 million tons of wheat were imported annually.Rice is the other major food grain. In FY 1992, about 2. 1 million hectares were planted with rice, and production amounted to 3. 2 million tons, with 1 million tons exported. Rice yields also have increased sharply since the 1960s following the introduction of new varieties. Nonetheless, the yield per hectare of around 1. 5 tons in FY 1991 was low compared with many other Asian countries. Pakistan has emphasized the production of rice in order to increase exports to the Middle East and therefore concentrates on the high-quality basmati variety, although other grades also are exported.The government increased procurement prices of basmati rice disproportionately to encourage exports and has allowed private traders into the rice export business alongside the public-sector Rice Export Corporation. Other important food grains are millet, sorghum, corn, and barley. Corn, although a minor crop, gradually increased in area and production after independence, partly at the expense of other minor food grains. Chickpeas, called gram in Pakistan, are the main nongrain food crop in area and production. A number of other foods, including fruits and vegetables, are also grown.In the early 1990s, cotton was the most important commercial crop. The area planted in cotton increased from 1. 1 million hectares in FY 1950 to 2. 1 million hectares in FY 1981 and 2. 8 million hectares in FY 1993. Yields increased substantially in the 1980s, partly as a result of the use of pesticides and the introduction in 1985 of a new high-yie lding variety of seed. During the 1980s, cotton yields moved from well below the world average to above the world average. Production in FY 1992 was 12. 8 million bales, up from 4. 4 million bales ten years earlier.Output fell sharply, however, to 9. 3 million bales in FY 1993 because of the September 1992 floods and insect infestations. Other cash crops include tobacco, rapeseed, and, most important, sugarcane. In FY 1992 sugarcane was planted on 880,000 hectares, and production was 35. 7 million tons. Except for some oil from cottonseeds, the country is dependent on imported vegetable oil. By the 1980s, introduction and experimentation with oilseed cultivation was under way. Soybeans and sunflower seeds appear to be suitable crops given the country's soil and climate, but production was still negligible in the early 1990s.

Organizational Culture and Sick Leave - 1536 Words

Organisational Culture and Sick Leave 1 Introduction Sick leave is a significant policy for both employees and employers in modern businesses. This policy can be problematic for Australian business, as employees that aren’t sick are taking leave. These illegitimate claims are causing them to lose millions of dollars. In the case study â€Å"sick leave costing employers† it is exploring the use of this leave in organisations by employees, when not sick. Since this is affecting Australian Businesses, to prevent further loss, it is necessary to explore what is causing these claims, which is crucial to understanding how to limit its impact upon organisations. 2 Explanation For Australian Businesses a key aspect of the work place is the organisational culture, as this principle has significant influence upon the workplace. Organisational culture is â€Å"†¦manifested in the typical characteristics of the organization, in other words, organizational culture should be regarded as the right way in which things are done or problems should be understood in the organization† (Sun, 2009). In relation to the sick leave case, organisational culture has great relevance and this is the problem that has been identified and will be investigated through this report. The concept of organisational culture will be explored through three areas of influence, which have been identified as being impacted by organisational culture. 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